Reality about Human Morality: Substantiating Research
Statement A
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- Cesarini, D., Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johannesson, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Wallace, B. (2008). Heritability of cooperative behavior in the trust game. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105, 3721-3726.
- Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (2002). Knowing thyself: The evolutionary psychology of moral reasoning and moral sentiments. Business, Science and Ethics, 91-127.
- Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2005). Neurocognitive adaptations designed for social exchange. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), Evolutionary Psychology Handbook. NY: Wiley.
- Decety, J., and Chaminade, T. (2003). Neural correlates of feeling sympathy. Neuropsychologia - Special Issue on Social Cognition, 41(2), 127-138.
- DeQuervain, DJ-F., Fischbacher U., Treyer V., Schellhammer M., Schnyder U., Buck A., Fehr E. (2004.) The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305, 1254-1258.
- Fehr, E. and Rockenbach, B. (2004). Human altruism: economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 784–790.
- Heekeren, H. R., Wartenburger, I., Schmidt, H., Schwintowski, H. P. & Villringer, A. (2003). An fMRI study of simple ethical decision-making. Neuroreport, 14, 1215−1219.
- Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M. and Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44, 389−400.
- Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M. and Cohen, J.D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293, 2105-2108.
- Kiehl, K. A. et al. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol. Psychiatry, 50, 677−684.
- McCabe K., Houser D., Ryan L., Smith V., Trouard T. (2001.): A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 11832-11835.
- Moll, J., Eslinger, P. J. & Oliveira-Souza, R. (2001). Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects. Arq. Neuropsiquiatry, 59, 657−664.
- Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Bramati, I. E. & Grafman, J. (2002). Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. Neuroimage, 16, 696−703.
- Moll, J. et al. (2002). The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. J. Neurosci., 22, 2730−2736.
- Muller, J. L. et al. (2003). Abnormalities in emotion processing within cortical and subcortical regions in criminal psychopaths: Evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using pictures with emotional content. Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 152−162.
- Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Hauser, M., Cushman, F., Damasio A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, 446, 908-911.
- Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673-676.
- Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L. & Colletti, P. (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 119−127; discussion 128−129.
- Rilling, J.K., Gutman, D.A., Zeh, T.R., Pagnoni, G., Berns, G.S., & Kilts, C.D. (2002.) A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron, 35, 395-405.
- Singer, T., Kiebel, S.J., Winston, J.S., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., Frith, C.D. (2004). Brain responses to the acquired moral status of faces. Neuron, 41,653-662.
- Stone, V., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Kroll, N. and Knight, R.T. (2002.) Selective impairment of reasoning about social exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic system damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 11531-11536.
- Soderstrom, H. et al. (2002). Reduced frontotemporal perfusion in psychopathic personality. Psychiatry Res., 114, 81−94.
- Takahashi, H. et al. (2004). Brain activation associated with evaluative processes of guilt and embarrassment: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 23, 967−974.
- Wallace, B., Cesarini, D., Lichtenstein, P., & Johannesson, M. (2007). Heritability of ultimatum game responder behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10(1073).
- Young, L., et al. (2006): Does emotion mediate the relationship between an action's moral status and its intentional status? Neuropsychological evidence. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 6, 291-304.
Prof. Peter Singer suggested adding at the end of sentence “…and by our capacity to reason and reflect on that experience.”
Prof. Hauser mentions the difference between “cognitive” and “emotional” phenomena is “an artificial distinction…however, many cognitive processes are unemotional but unconscious (i.e. attention).”
Statement B
- Aureli, F., & de Waal, F. B. M. (Eds.). (2000).
Natural conflict resolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. - Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396.
- Chen, K. & Hauser, M.D. (2005). Modeling reciprocation and cooperation in primates: Evidence for a punishing strategy. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 235, 5-12.
- Crespi, B. J. (2001). The evolution of social behaviour in microorganisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16(4), 178-183.
- Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The evolution of altruistic behavior. The American Naturalist, 97, 354-356.
- Harcourt, A., & de Waal, F. B. M. (Eds.). (1992). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hauser, M.D., (1992). Costs of deception: Cheaters are punished in rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 12137-12139.
- Hauser M.D., Chen K., Frances C. and Chuang E. (2004). Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B - Biological Science, 270, 2363-2370.
- Maynard Smith, J., & Price, G. R. (1973). The logic of animal conflict. Nature, 246, 15-18.
- Stevens, J.R., Cushman, F.A. and Hauser, M.D. (2005). Evolving the psychological mechanisms of cooperation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 36, 409-518.
- Stevens J.R. and Hauser M.D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8, 60-65.
- Trivers R.L. (1971.) Evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
- Trivers, R. L. (1985). Social evolution. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/ Cummings.
- Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 2006, 1301-1303.
- Warneken, F., Chen, F., and Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77 (3), 640-663.
Statement C
- Boyd R., Gintis H., Bowles S., Richerson P.J. (2003). The evolution of altruistic punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 3531-3535.
- Brown, D.E. (1991). Human universals. New York : McGraw-Hill.
- Cushman, F., Young, L., and Hauser, M.D. (2007). The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgments: Testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science, 17 (12), 1082-89.
- Ebbesen, M. (2002). The Golden Rule and Bioethics. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark. [available online at www.ep.liu.se/smash/get/diva2:18798/FULLTEXT01 ]
- Fehr E., Fischbacher, U. and Gachter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature — an Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective 2002, 13:1-25.
- Fiddick, L. (2004). Domains of deontic reasoning: Resolving the discrepancy between the cognitive and moral reasoning literatures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57A, 447-474.
- Fiddick, L. (2003). Is there a faculty of deontic reasoning? A critical reevaluation of abstract deontic versions of the Wason selection task. In D. Over (Ed.), Evolution and the psychology of thinking: The debate. (pp. 33-60). Psychology Press.
- Gintis H., Bowles S., Boyd R. and Fehr E. (2003). Explaining altruistic behavior in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 153-172.
- Hauser, M. (2006). The liver and the moral organ. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 214-220.
- Kane, R. (1998). Through the Moral Maze: Searching for Absolute Values in a Pluralistic World. New York : Paragon House.
- Lieberman, D. (2007). Moral sentiments relating to incest: Discerning adaptations from by–products. In W. Sinnott–Armstrong (Ed.), Moral Psychology Volume 1: The Evolution of Morality. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press.
- Lieberman, D. & Symons, D. (1998). Sibling incest avoidance: From Westermarck to Wolf. Quarterly Review of Biology, 73 (4), 463–466.
- Lieberman, D., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2003). Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments regarding incest. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, 270, 819–826.
- Sugiyama, L.S., Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. (2002). Cross-cultural evidence of cognitive adaptations for social exchange among the Shiwiar of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(17) , 11537-11542.
- Wade, M.J. and Breden, F. (1980). The evolution of cheating and selfish behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 7 (3), 167-172.
- Wattles, J. (1996). The golden rule. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Wenegrat, B., Castillo-Yee, E. & Abrams, L. (1996) Social norm compliance as a signaling system: Studies of fitness-related attributions consequent on a group norm violation. Ethology and Sociobiology, 17 (6), 417-424.
- Wiessner, P. (2005). Norm enforcement among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen: A case of strong reciprocity? Human Nature, 16, 115-145.
- Wilson, D. S. (2002). Evolution, morality and human potential. Evolutionary Psychology: Alternative Approaches. S. J. Scher and F. Rauscher, Kluwer Press: 55-70.
Statement D
- Cummins, D. (1996). Evidence for the innateness of deontic reasoning. Mind and Language, 11, 160–190.
- Cummins, D. (1996). Evidence of deontic reasoning in 3- and 4-year-olds. Memory and Cognition, 24, 823–29.
- Leslie, A.M., Knobe, J., & Cohen, A. (2006). Acting intentionally and the side-effect effect: 'Theory of mind' and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 17, 421–427.
- Leslie, A.M., Mallon, R., & DiCorcia, J.A. (2006). Transgressors, victims, and cry babies: Is basic moral judgment spared in autism? Social Neuroscience, 1 (3), 270 – 283.
- Warneken, F., Chen, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77 (3), 640 – 663.
- W arneken, F. (2007). The Origins of Helping and Cooperation. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. University of Leipzig , Germany .
- Warneken, F., Chen, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77 (3), 640 – 663.
- Warneken, F. , Hare, B., Melis, A.P., Hanus, D., & Tomasello, M. (2007) Spontaneous Altruism by Chimpanzees and Young Children. PLoS Biology, 5 (7), e184.
- Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 1301-1303.
- Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11 (3) , 271-294.
Prof. Marc Hauser suggested that the words in parentheses should be expressed differently.
